Term
Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists who emphasize the value of
Definition
individualism
Term
Although Dr. Anderson uses systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias, he prescribes antianxiety drugs as well. It is most likely that Dr. Anderson is a
Definition
psychiatrist
Term
Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, “No, Cindy, your problem isn’t unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting.” Cindy’s therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.
Definition
behavior
Term
Psychoanalysts would suggest that resistance during therapy supports and maintains the process of
Definition
repression
Term
Which form of treatment is especially likely to focus on the goal of healing social relationships?
Definition
family therapy
Term
A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome a psychological disorder such as a phobia would generally be best described as a
Definition
psychotherapist
Term
People whose life history includes some adversity often come to enjoy better mental health and well-being than those who have never faced any significant adversity. This best illustrates the importance of
Definition
post-traumatic growth
Term
Therapist David Shapiro helped a patient to realize that he couldn’t say “I love you” to his wife because it would feel soft and unmanly. The therapist’s efforts best illustrate
Definition
psychodynamic therapy
Term
Mr. Vogt is terribly afraid of being alone in his own house at night. To reduce this fear, a behavior therapist would most likely use
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
A psychodynamic therapist is most likely to suggest ___________ regarding patients’ difficulties
Definition
interpretive insights
Term
To a psychoanalyst, a patient’s hesitation to free associate is most likely a sign of
Definition
resistance
Term
The exposure therapies used today were refined by
Definition
Joseph Wolpe
Term
Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips’s hostility to be an example of
Definition
transference
Term
Many clinical psychologists have a Ph.D. degree, which indicates that they underwent ______ training
Definition
research
Term
Which therapy is more concerned with removing specific troubling symptoms than with facilitating new ways of thinking?
Definition
behavior therapy
Term
A therapist wants to help Hannah recognize her mixed feelings of fear and love for her husband and to realize that she often experienced similar feelings for her brothers during her childhood. The therapist’s goal is most clearly consistent with the aims of
Definition
psychodynamic therapy
Term
Jenna is afraid of speaking to a large audience. Her therapist suggests that prior to a speaking engagement she should reassure herself with comments like, “Cheer up, Jenna. You know what you’re talking about and your topic is really interesting!” This approach to reducing Jenna’s fear most clearly illustrates
Definition
cognitive therapy
Term
As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association. Dr. Cioffi’s therapeutic approach would best be described as
Definition
eclectic
Term
More than 9 in 10 New Yorkers, although stunned and grief-stricken by the 9/11 terrorist attack, did not have a dysfunctional stress reaction. This best illustrates
Definition
resilience
Term
Repeatedly pairing a conditioned stimulus that triggers distress with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers pleasure best illustrates
Definition
counterconditioning
Term
In one treatment program, parents spent 40 hours a week attempting to shape the behavior of their uncommunicative 3-year-olds with autism. This program most clearly involved __________
Definition
behavior therapy
Term
Cognitive therapists are most likely to emphasize that emotional disturbances result from
Definition
self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events
Term
Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional positive regard?
Definition
client-centered therapy
Term
The psychotherapeutic value of hope is best illustrated by
Definition
the placebo effect
Term
The best psychotherapy outcome studies are randomized clinical trials comparing treatment groups with ________ groups
Definition
control
Term
Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson’s treatment approach best illustrates _______ therapy
Definition
cognitive-behavioral
Term
Because she mistakenly thought that completing a diagnostic test was a therapeutic treatment for her anxiety disorder, Mrs. Shyam felt considerable relief for several weeks following the test. Mrs. Shyam’s reaction best illustrates
Definition
the placebo effect
Term
The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from
Definition
meta-analyses of psychotherapeutic outcome studies
Term
Helping patients gain perspective on feelings they seem to be defending against is a major goal of __________ therapy
Definition
psychodynamic
Term
Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that
Definition
no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others
Term
Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that clients are ______________ with the effectiveness of therapy
Definition
generally satisfied
Term
Which of the following treatment approaches has received little or no scientific support?
Definition
energy therapies
Term
Psychoanalysts are most likely to attend to patients’ ______________________ toward their therapists
Definition
positive and negative feelings
Term
Mrs. Laiti is a compulsive gambler. To reduce her attraction to this self-defeating activity, a behavior therapist would most likely use
Definition
aversive conditioning
Term
Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?
Definition
light exposure therapy
Term
Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of
Definition
phobias
Term
Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.
Definition
cognitive
Term
Humanistic therapists are most likely to emphasize ______________________ for psychological adjustment
Definition
the importance of self-awareness
Term
O. H. Mowrer trained children to discontinue bed-wetting by arranging for an alarm to sound each time they wet their beds. This technique best illustrates a therapeutic application of
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
Hans Eysenck’s summary of 24 early psychotherapy outcome studies suggested that patient improvement was not necessarily the result of
Definition
psychotherapy
Term
Which of the following therapies is more concerned with removing specific troubling symptoms than with facilitating new ways of thinking?
Definition
behavior therapy
Term
Many suspect that EMDR may be therapeutic because of its similarity to
Definition
exposure therapy
Term
To treat nail biting, one can paint a patient’s fingernails with a nasty-tasting nail polish. This procedure best illustrates
Definition
aversive conditioning
Term
The psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as
Definition
insight therapies
Term
By examining the actual consequences associated with anxiety-provoking situations, cognitive therapy patients usually find that the consequences are not as bad as they had imagined. This most directly helps to
Definition
decatastrophize thinking
Term
The repeated association of pleasant relaxing states with stimuli that arouse fear is a central feature of
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and who begin to savor the joy of each new day best illustrate
Definition
post-traumatic growth
Term
To reduce his daughter’s fear of the dark, Mr. Chew would hug and gently rock her immediately after turning off the lights at bedtime. Mr. Chew’s strategy best illustrates the technique of
Definition
counterconditioning
Term
Which of the following therapists introduced the use of free association?
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term
Which of the following is a statistical digest of the results of many different studies?
Definition
meta-analysis
Term
With ________, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?
Definition
client-centered therapy
Term
Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of
Definition
Beck’s cognitive therapy
Term
Counteracting self-blame by reattributing responsibility for past negative outcomes is a cognitive therapy technique designed to
Definition
modify beliefs
Term
Therapists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because clients typically emphasize their __________ at the start of therapy and their ____________ at the end of therapy
Definition
problems;well-being
Term
Because Gretchen is afraid of contracting infectious diseases, she compulsively avoids shaking people’s hands or touching doorknobs. Research suggests that an especially effective treatment for her difficulty would involve
Definition
behavioral conditioning therapy
Term
To help Thor overcome his fear of giving public speeches, his therapist instructs him to relax and then to imagine speaking to a group of four people. The therapist is using
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
Freud’s techniques and assumptions are most evident in today’s
Definition
psychodynamic therapies
Term
Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are
Definition
hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship
Term
Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment.
Definition
humanistic
Term
The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles
Definition
behavior modification
Term
A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a
Definition
psychiatrist
Term
The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with
Definition
psychoanalysis
Term
The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as
Definition
transference
Term
Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote
Definition
insight
Term
Systematic desensitization involves the use of progressive
Definition
relaxation
Term
Influencing patients by therapeutically controlling the consequences of their actions illustrates an application of
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
Client-centered therapists are most likely to _______ and ________ what clients say during the course of therapy
Definition
restate and clarify
Term
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated perceptions of the effectiveness of alternative therapies such as herbal medicine?
Definition
the placebo effect
Term
Increasingly, insurer and government support for mental health services requires
Definition
evidence-based practice
Term
Humanistic therapists aim to boost people’s self-fulfillment by helping them to grow in
Definition
self-acceptance
Term
The construction of a list of anxiety-provoking stimuli and training in relaxation are important aspects of
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?
Definition
a token economy
Term
Which of the following is a form of counterconditioning?
Definition
virtual reality exposure therapy
Term
The belief that no person is an island is the fundamental assumption of
Definition
family therapy
Term
Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin’s behavior is an example of
Definition
resistance
Term
To help Mrs. Otsuki lose weight, her therapist first attempted to assess whether her weight loss might be personally threatening to her husband. The therapist’s concern is most characteristic of a
Definition
family therapist
Term
What would be most helpful for encouraging disturbed children or people with schizophrenia and other mental disabilities to make their beds every morning?
Definition
a token economy
Term
In one study, people were taught to attribute their compulsive urges to abnormal brain functioning. Instead of giving in to an urge, they participated in an alternative activity that engaged other parts of the brain. This strategy for dealing with their difficulty best illustrates
Definition
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Term
Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones’ strategy illustrates an application of __________ conditioning
Definition
operant
Term
The beneficial consequence of a person’s expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic is known as
Definition
the placebo effect
Term
EMDR was originally developed for the treatment of
Definition
anxiety
Term
Psychotherapy is MOST likely to be effective in freeing
Definition
Jim from an excessive fear of giving speeches in public
Term
Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
Definition
psychoanalysis
Term
Which of the following is most clearly a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance?
Definition
an empathic therapist
Term
Ideal clinical decision making is a three-legged stool upheld by clinical expertise, knowledge of the patient, and
Definition
research evidence
Term
Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________.
Definition
free association; active listening
Term
Proponents of ________ have argued that maintaining appropriate patient behaviors with positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment
Definition
token economies
Term
Principles derived from psychologists’ understanding of operant conditioning have most directly influenced the development of
Definition
behavior therapies
Term
Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates
Definition
the therapeutic alliance
Term
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated estimates of the value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?
Definition
the placebo effect
Term
Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients
Definition
become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses
Term
Many self-help groups have emulated the use of ________ by Alcoholics Anonymous
Definition
a 12-step program
Term
Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of
Definition
exposure therapies
Term
Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from
Definition
stressful social situations
